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Peruvian Coup Regime Approves Lithium Mining as Puno Rejects Plan Without Nationalization
Clau O'Brien Moscoso
26 Apr 2023
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Peruvian Coup Regime Approves Lithium Mining as Puno Rejects Plan Without Nationalization
"The US installed Dina (Boluarte) to get lithium and cocaine" (Photo: Twitter @OllieVargas79)

The people of Peru demand that their lithium reserves benefit that nation through a nationalization process, and that their environment be protected when their resources are extracted.

National Strike, Day 110

The Peruvian coup regime remains entrenched in power more than four months after the parliamentary coup that ousted democratically elected President Pedro Castillo. On April 10th, the de facto Minister of Energy and Mines Óscar Vera announced the coup government would grant permits to Macusani Yellowcake, subsidiary of Canadian mining company Plateau Energy Metals, which as of 2021 is a subsidiary of American Lithium in the Macusani town of the Puno region. This comes in the wake of the anti-coup protests that placed lithium as one of the main resources the coup government, serving its transnational corporate interests, would move swiftly to privatize. Leaders of the Puno region, including the National Platform for People Affected by Metals, Metalloids and Other Toxic Chemical Substances, have stated clearly that until there is respect for the people of Puno, the lithium will not leave.

This comes after the unanimous decision by the Council of Original Aymara and Quechua Authorities in Ilave, Puno with the participation of 3,000 community members to continue defending the sovereignty of their territories, and not exploit lithium without nationalization and industrialization within Perú to benefit the people of the 13 provinces of Puno. According to one leader, “We will not allow lithium to leave the highlands without industrialization, we will exercise our legitimate right over the sovereignty of lithium for the Aymara, Quechua, and Amazonian peoples. Lithium will not be freely disposed of as they believe in Lima." However, the coup regime in Lima has not consulted these communities in Puno, or so much as done environmental surveys in the area to minimize environmental degradation.

The people of Puno, much like the coup regime and its corporate masters, understand the importance of lithium in the 4th industrialization and have seen the advances that nationalizing that mineral can mean for the people in neighboring Bolivia. This coup was always about getting to the lithium of Puno, along with all the other vast minerals and resources Perú contains. As a young protester from Asillo, Puno told me, “They have negotiated international treaties with legal contracts with companies that exploit our raw materials; we are simply a raw material exporting country. And we as young people think that in the 21st century we can transform these resources.”

The battle in Puno, much like the broader struggle in Perú, is to end the ransacking of natural resources by transnational corporations with no regard for the people of those lands whose soil and waters become contaminated, whose labor is exploited for 1 sol an hour, whose roads and infrastructure remain dilapidated, and whose children must walk for hours to get an underfunded education. As Pedro Castillo stated in an interview with El Salto publication, “the whole problem has to do with lithium. Imperialism wants lithium and my government wanted to give lithium to the people.” One could say this is why Bolivia’s president Luis Arce has proposed the creation of a Latin American wide Lithium OPEC to jointly design a lithium policy throughout the region that prioritizes the development of those countries. Mexico’s AMLO also recently announced the nationalization of that country’s lithium deposits, and Chile’s Gabriel Boric also made a similar announcement that puts the mineral at the center of future development of Latin American countries, using their own natural resources to fund public services like education, housing, healthcare, etc. This is what the people of Puno are fighting for- sovereignty over their lands and resources to improve the lives of people on those lands.

The region is making a  transition from raw material exporting countries to sovereign nations that industrialize their own resources and trade internationally to benefit their own people. Those at the forefront of these struggles understand that it’s more than just raw materials. This is about life itself, about future generations. As we see yet another social leader assassinated by private interests (¡Santiago Contoricón presente!) for defending territorial rights, the Peruvian people yearn and are fighting for the sovereignty that the current coup regime is selling off to the highest bidders, mostly Western entities.

** En Español**

Régimen Golpista Peruano Aprueba Minería de Litio Mientras Puno Rechaza Plan Sin Nacionalización

Paro Nacional, Día 110

El régimen golpista peruano permanece aferrado al poder más de cuatro meses después del golpe parlamentario que destituyó al presidente democráticamente electo Pedro Castillo. El 10 de abril, el Ministro de Energía y Minas de facto Óscar Vera anunció que el gobierno de facto concedería permisos a Macusani Yellowcake, filial de la empresa minera canadiense Plateau Energy Metals, que a partir de 2021 es subsidiaria de American Lithium en la localidad de Macusani en el departamento de Puno. Esto ocurre después de las protestas contra el golpe de estado que situaron al litio como uno de los principales recursos que el régimen, al servicio de sus intereses corporativos transnacionales, se apresuraría a privatizar. Los líderes de la región de Puno, incluyendo la Plataforma Nacional de Afectados y Afectadas por Metales, Metaloides y Otras Sustancias Químicas Tóxicas, han afirmado claramente que mientras no haya respeto por el pueblo de Puno, el litio no saldrá.

Esto ocurre después de la decisión unánime del consejo de autoridades originarias quechuas y aimaras en Ilave, Puno, con la participación de 3,000 miembros de la comunidad, de continuar defendiendo la soberanía de sus territorios y no explotar el litio sin nacionalización e industrialización dentro de Perú para beneficiar al pueblo de las 13 provincias de Puno. Según uno de los dirigentes, "No permitiremos que el litio salga del altiplano sin industrialización, ejerceremos nuestro legítimo derecho sobre la soberanía del litio para los pueblos aimaras, quechuas y amazónicos. El litio no será dispuesto a libre albedrío como creen en Lima". Sin embargo, el régimen golpista en Lima no ha consultado a estas comunidades en Puno, ni siquiera ha realizado estudios ambientales en la zona para minimizar la degradación ambiental.

El pueblo de Puno, al igual que el régimen golpista y sus dueños transnacionales, comprenden la importancia del litio en la cuarta revolución industrial y han visto los avances que la nacionalización de ese mineral puede significar para el pueblo hermano de Bolivia. Este golpe siempre trató de llegar al litio de Puno, junto con todos los demás vastos minerales y recursos que Perú contiene. Como me dijo un joven de Asillo, Puno: "Han negociado tratados internacionales con contratos legales con empresas que explotan nuestras materias primas; somos simplemente un país exportador de materias primas. Y nosotros, como jóvenes, pensamos que en el siglo XXI podemos transformar estos recursos".

La batalla en Puno, al igual que la lucha más amplia en Perú, es terminar con el saqueo de los recursos naturales por parte de corporaciones transnacionales sin consideración por la gente de esas tierras cuyos suelos y aguas se contaminan, cuya mano de obra se explota por 1 sol por hora, cuyas carreteras e infraestructura permanecen en mal estado, y cuyos niños deben caminar durante horas para obtener una educación sin fondos suficientes. Como dijo Pedro Castillo en una entrevista con la publicación El Salto, "todo el problema tiene que ver con el litio. El imperialismo quiere litio y mi gobierno quería dar litio al pueblo". Se podría decir que por eso el presidente de Bolivia, Luis Arce, ha propuesto la creación de una OPEP del litio en América Latina para diseñar conjuntamente una política del litio en toda la región que priorice el desarrollo de esos países. El presidente de México AMLO también anunció recientemente la nacionalización de los depósitos de litio de su país, y Gabriel Boric de Chile también hizo un anuncio similar que coloca al mineral en el centro del futuro desarrollo de los países de América Latina, utilizando sus propios recursos naturales para financiar servicios públicos como educación, vivienda, salud, etc. Esto es por lo que el pueblo de Puno está luchando por la soberanía sobre sus tierras y recursos para mejorar la vida de las personas en esas tierras.

La región está haciendo una transición de países exportadores de materias primas a naciones soberanas que industrializan sus propios recursos y comercian internacionalmente para beneficiar a su propia gente. Aquellos que lideran estas luchas comprenden que se trata de algo más que de materias primas. Se trata de la vida misma, de las generaciones futuras. Mientras vemos a otro líder social asesinado por intereses privados (¡Santiago Contoricón presente!) por defender los derechos territoriales, el pueblo peruano anhela y lucha por la soberanía que el actual régimen golpista está vendiendo al mejor postor, principalmente entidades occidentales.

Clau O'Brien Moscoso is an organizer with the Black Alliance for Peace in the Haiti/Americas Team. Originally from Barrios Altos, Lima, she grew up in New Jersey and now lives between both countries.

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