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The International Decade for People of African Descent : Who have these 10 years served?
Mireille Fanon Mendes France
03 Aug 2022
đŸ–šïž Print Article
 The International Decade for People of African Descent : Who have these 10 years served?

The United Nations designated the years 2015-2024 as the International Decade for People of African Descent. But the project has not only been neglected, it has also focused on “recognition” instead of “reparations,” reinforcing the structural racism inherent in the liberal capitalist system.

The International Decade for People of African Descent (IDPAD) is coming to an end on December 31, 2024; there are 2.5 years left to bring it out of the invisibility in which those who decided to organize it have kept it. This invisibility can be seen by consulting the website of the decade. Each entry occupies barely a page in the 7.5 years of its existence. 

The way it has been treated is a symptom of a structural racism that refuses to tell its name; for this reason, it has not been able to go beyond the boundaries imposed by the international community, some of whose members have shown real opposition to it, on the pretext that their state is free of racism, even if they concede some racial discrimination, but that is where it ends. 

The difficulties began at the UN during the negotiations between the International Working Group for People of African Descent (IWGPAD) and the representatives of the states that refused to accept the word 'reparations' in the identification of the decade. A wall of refusal was formed, reminiscent of the one that was expressed in Durban during the conference against racism (08/29-09/07) when African States had raised the issue of 'reparations'. The compromise found, considering the stakes, is distressing: Recognition, Justice, Development. The term "Recognition" will never say what "Reparations" includes, understood as a collective and political process. 

If we look at what the concept of "Recognition" means, we can understand why the representatives of the States preferred it to that of Reparations, which would have obliged them to analyze historically, politically and philosophically their relations to the history of enslavement and of colonization, to their colonial relations to black bodies and to Islam, their responsibility in the perpetuation of the capitalist system whose foundations are embedded in white supremacy and unceasingly confirmed by the savage and mortifying liberalism on which this system does not cease to grow to the detriment of the racialized bodies and of the maldevelopment which strikes the formerly enslaved and colonized countries.

What the representatives of the States aimed at by using the term 'Recognition' was to have the power to concede it - as a positive acceptance of subjectivity - to those selected by the institutions. 

The colonial States do not aim at restoring the dignity of which the racialized, dehumanized and colonized bodies have been deprived since the great catastrophe that was the Discoveries, and especially from 1492, they commit themselves to legitimize a little more visibility if those who benefit from it remain confined within their zone of Non Beings. 

Therefore this recognition depends on the generosity of the institution, which acts in a unilateral way; this obliges us to think of the paradox contained in the fact that the institution imposes the terms of this recognition, since there is no reciprocity.

The ambiguity of such an identity for the Decade can be seen. The worm has been in the fruit from the start. The question of the coloniality of power, exercised at the level of the UN and the international community, and which reinforces, through its inertia, the structural racism inherent in the liberal capitalist system, could not be addressed, Nor could the colonial order be questioned in a context where the world is oriented by hegemonic and imperialist models, all of which claim and entrench themselves behind Eurocentric Modernity, in defiance of the negrophobia that ravages black bodies wherever they may be. 

The Decade should have opened the way for Afro-descendants and Africans, rather than being a mechanism added to all the others to combat 'racism' and which are proving particularly ineffective, to energize a process based on decolonial combativity by giving them back a voice that has been stolen from them, including by international institutions. 

The institution of the UN and the international community should have built the conditions for a reciprocal dialogue on the problems that have led to the structural invisibilization of Afro-descendants and Africans in colonial forms that question both the coloniality of power, that of knowledge but also that which keeps all racialized people in a zone of Non-Being, in the periphery of the peripheries.

Rather than encouraging members of the international community to “recognize and deeply regret the unspeakable suffering and evils suffered by millions of men, women and children as a result of slavery, the slave trade, the trans-Atlantic slave trade, colonialism, apartheid, genocide, and past tragedies, (
),” what at the end only serves to offer a good conscience to all those who continue to colonize, in one way or another, the formerly enslaved and colonized countries, this International Decade of People of African Descent should have been an elaborative time  of a decolonial political process for reparations, the only way to  restore the dignity of the black bodies. 

To do this, during its first eight years, the International Decade for People of African Descent should have focused on the inhuman and undignified situation that the Haitian people, for example, are living. The international community should not have renewed the UN mission in Haiti after 18 years of military occupation and the Caricom states should have defended, tooth and nail, the inalienable sovereignty of the Republic of Haiti, a friendly country.

But 'dominate' remains the unsurpassable mantra of the 'unilateral' system that the UN has become, which has, in a way, given itself the objective of speaking about the peoples while forcing them not to engage in a dialogue for emancipation and liberation. It is clear that the UN system, over the decades, has been responsible for stifling, trivializing and standardizing the voices of the victims, and in this sense, multilateral institutions and States have become part of the problem. It is not from them that the liberation of black bodies through their recovered dignity will come. 

In the end, the Decade became what Afro-descendant and African organizations did not want: a sounding board for the liberal aspirations of the dominant ones, where they were consulted from far and wide to give a token of goodwill but also to recover a few ideas without any ambition with regard to the challenges facing black people. 

It never became a process that would have been allowed to transcend the obstacles; it was confined to a role of controlled action and limited to the framework set by the structures of the United Nations, at the request and with the consent of the States. 

It should have allowed the inauguration of a reflection on a decolonial project in which States and international institutions would have favored exchanges based on dignity and the transfiguration of hatred, out of fear of otherness, into love of the Human. Afro-descendants and Africans claim their Humanity and to make community, among other things, from a historical, political and collective problematization of Reparations as a process of disalienation and epistemological questioning on the maintenance in a zone of Non-Being of Afro-descendants and Africans, even if some of them benefit from the Enlightenment defended by the capitalist system. 

This International Decade for People of African Descent should have built the conditions for a commitment against structural racism and should have been the moment of reclaiming their humanity for the millions of Afro-descendants and Africans who are deprived of it. 

All in all, these ten years will have been stolen from all those who want to change the inhuman meaning of the world. As have the years since the independence of many decolonized countries. The breathing of the racialized people, after these ten years, has not become lighter;  on the contrary, it has become heavier. We can say, without betraying the hope of Africans and Afro-descendants, that the decolonial struggle is to act to reverse the project of misery and death that the capitalist, racist and liberal system carries.We still have the Permanent Forum for People of African Descent which will be officially launched in December 2022. Let's not let ourselves be dispossessed of it. It must become our voice directed by our decolonial combativity! But already bad signs are coming; this forum was to be launched in New York. However, it will now be launched in Geneva - from December 5 to 8 - where even fewer organizations will have the opportunity to attend. Will Afro-descendant and African organizations be able to speak with one voice, united in a renewed pan-African approach and driven by decolonial combativeness rather than by everyone for themselves?

Mireille Fanon Mendes-France  is founder and co-chair of the Frantz Fanon Foundation. She served as former United Nations expert chair of the Working group on People of African Descent. Mireille works on issues of International law and has worked as professor at different levels of the National Education, at Unesco and as legal adviser at French National Assembly. Mireille Fanon MendĂšs-France is the daughter of the world renowned revolutionary, psychiatrist and political author, Frantz Fanon.

 

(Francais)

 

La DĂ©cennie internationale des personnes d’ascendance africaine:  Ă  qui ont servi ces 10 annĂ©es 

 

La DĂ©cennie internationale pour les personnes d’ascendance africaine (IDPAD) arrive Ă  son terme le 31 dĂ©cembre 2024 ; il reste 2,5 ans pour la faire sortir de l’invisibilitĂ© dans laquelle l’ont maintenue ceux qui ont dĂ©cidĂ© de son organisation. On peut constater cette invisibilitĂ© en consultant le site de la dĂ©cennie; chaque entrĂ©e occupe Ă  peine une page en 7,5 ans d’existence. 

La façon dont elle a Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©e est bien le symptĂŽme d’un racisme structurel qui refuse de dire son nom ; pour cette raison, elle n’a pu sortir du cadre imposĂ© par la communautĂ© internationale dont certains membres lui ont manifestĂ© une vĂ©ritable opposition, au prĂ©texte que leur État est exempt de racisme mĂȘme s’ils concĂšdent quelques discriminations raciales, mais cela s’arrĂȘte lĂ . 

Les difficultĂ©s ont commencĂ© Ă  l’ONU dĂšs les nĂ©gociations entre le Groupe de Travail International pour les Personnes d’Ascendance Africaine (IWGPAD) et les reprĂ©sentants des Etats qui ont refusĂ© que l’identification de la dĂ©cennie contienne le mot ‘RĂ©parations’. Un mur du refus s’est formĂ©, rappelant celui qui s’était exprimĂ© Ă  Durban lors de la confĂ©rence contre le racisme (08/29-09/07) alors que des Etats africains avaient portĂ© la question des ‘RĂ©parations’. Le compromis trouvĂ©, au regard des enjeux,  est dĂ©solant. Jamais le terme ‘Reconnaissance’ ne dira ce que contient celui de ‘RĂ©parations’, entendues comme un processus collectif et politique. 

Si l’on regarde ce que signifie le concept de ‘Reconnaissance’, l’on comprend pourquoi les reprĂ©sentants des Etats l’ont prĂ©fĂ©rĂ© Ă  celui de RĂ©parations qui les aurait obligĂ©s Ă  analyser historiquement, politiquement et philosophiquement leurs relations Ă  l’histoire de la colonisation, Ă  leurs rapports coloniaux aux corps noirs et Ă  la religion musulmane, leur responsabilitĂ© dans la pĂ©rennisation du systĂšme capitaliste dont les  fondations sont enchristĂ©es dans la suprĂ©matie blanche et sans cesse confirmĂ©es par le libĂ©ralisme sauvage et mortifĂšre sur lequel ce systĂšme ne cesse de s’accroĂźtre au dĂ©triment des corps racisĂ©s et du dĂ©veloppement des pays anciennement esclavagistes et colonisĂ©s.

Ce que visaient les reprĂ©sentants des Etats par l’utilisation du terme ‘Reconnaissance’ Ă©tait de disposer du pouvoir de concĂ©der la reconnaissance - en tant qu’acceptation positive de la subjectivitĂ©- Ă  ceux que les institutions sĂ©lectionnent. 

Les Etats coloniaux ne visent pas Ă  redonner la dignitĂ© dont ont Ă©tĂ© privĂ©s les corps racisĂ©s, dĂ©shumanisĂ©s et colonisĂ©s depuis la grande catastrophe que furent les DĂ©couvertes, et surtout Ă  partir de 1492, ils s’engagent Ă  lĂ©gitimer un peu plus de visibilitĂ© si ceux qui en bĂ©nĂ©ficient restent cantonnĂ©s Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de leur zone de Non Êtres. 

DĂšs lors cette reconnaissance, Ă  gĂ©omĂ©trie variable, dĂ©pend de la gĂ©nĂ©rositĂ© de l’institution, qui agit de maniĂšre unilatĂ©rale ; cela oblige Ă  penser le paradoxe contenu dans le fait de s’adresser Ă  une institution de surplomb qui impose les termes de cette reconnaissance, puisqu’il n’y a aucune rĂ©ciprocitĂ©. 

On voit toute l’ambiguĂŻtĂ© d’une telle identitĂ© pour la DĂ©cennie. Le ver a Ă©tĂ© introduit dans le fruit dĂšs le dĂ©but. La question de la colonialitĂ© du pouvoir, exercĂ©e au niveau de l’ONU et de la communautĂ© internationale, et qui renforce, par son inertie, le racisme structurel inhĂ©rent au systĂšme capitaliste libĂ©ral, ne pouvait ĂȘtre abordĂ©e, tout comme ne pouvait ĂȘtre remis en cause l’ordre colonial dans un contexte oĂč le monde est orientĂ© par les modĂšles hĂ©gĂ©moniques et impĂ©rialistes, tous se revendiquant et se retranchant derriĂšre la ModernitĂ© eurocentrĂ©e, au mĂ©pris de la nĂ©grophobie qui ravage les corps noirs oĂč qu’ils se trouvent. 

La DĂ©cennie aurait dĂ», plutĂŽt que d’ĂȘtre un mĂ©canisme ajoutĂ© Ă  tous les autres pour combattre le ‘racisme’ et qui se montrent particuliĂšrement inopĂ©rants, ouvrir la voie aux Afro-descendants et aux Africains, dynamiser une dĂ©marche basĂ©e sur une combativitĂ© dĂ©coloniale en leur redonnant une voix qui leur a Ă©tĂ© volĂ©e, y compris par des institutions internationales.  

L’institution de l’ONU et la communautĂ© internationale auraient dĂ» construire les conditions d’un dialogue rĂ©ciproque sur les problĂ©matiques qui ont amenĂ© Ă  l’invisibilisation structurelle des Afro-descendants et des Africains sous des formes coloniales qui questionnent Ă  la fois la colonialitĂ© du pouvoir, celle de la connaissance mais aussi celle qui maintient tous les racisĂ©s dans une zone de Non Êtres, Ă  la pĂ©riphĂ©rie des pĂ©riphĂ©ries. 

PlutĂŽt que d'encourager les membres de la communautĂ© internationale Ă  « reconnaĂźtre et Ă  regretter profondĂ©ment les souffrances et les maux indicibles subis par des millions d'hommes, de femmes et d'enfants du fait de l'esclavage, de la traite des esclaves, de la traite transatlantique des esclaves, du colonialisme, de l'apartheid, du gĂ©nocide, et des tragĂ©dies passĂ©es, (
) Â» (https://www.un.org/fr/content/pdf/booklet_decade.pdf), ce qui ne sert finalement qu'Ă  donner bonne conscience Ă  tous ceux qui continuent de coloniser, d'une maniĂšre ou d'une autre, les pays autrefois asservis et colonisĂ©s, cette DĂ©cennie internationale des personnes d'ascendance africaine aurait dĂ» ĂȘtre le moment d’élaboration d’un processus politique dĂ©colonial de rĂ©parations, seul moyen de restaurer la dignitĂ© des corps noirs. 

Pour ce faire, durant ses huit premiĂšres annĂ©es, la dĂ©cennie aurait dĂ» se focaliser sur la situation inhumaine et indigne que vit le peuple haĂŻtien. La communautĂ© internationale n'aurait pas dĂ» renouveler la mission de l'ONU en HaĂŻti aprĂšs 18 ans d'occupation militaire et les États de la Caricom auraient dĂ» dĂ©fendre, bec et ongles, la souverainetĂ© inaliĂ©nable de la RĂ©publique d'HaĂŻti, pays ami (https://www.blackagendareport.com/black-alliance -la-paix-condamne-le-renouveau-une-mission-haiti-binuh).

 Mais ‘dominer’ reste le mantra indĂ©passable du systĂšme ‘unilatĂ©ral’ qu’est devenue l’ONU qui s’est, d’une certaine façon, donnĂ© pour objectif de parler des peuples tout en les contraignant Ă  ne pas s’engager dans un dialogue d’émancipation et de libĂ©ration. Force est de constater que le systĂšme onusien, au cours des dĂ©cennies, porte la responsabilitĂ© de l’étouffement, de la banalisation et de l’uniformisation des voix des victimes, en ce sens que les institutions multilatĂ©rales et les Etats sont devenus une partie du problĂšme. Ce n’est pas d’eux que viendra la libĂ©ration des corps noirs par leur dignitĂ© retrouvĂ©e. 

 En dĂ©finitive, la DĂ©cennie est devenue ce que les organisations afro-descendantes et africaines ne voulaient pas : une caisse de rĂ©sonnance des aspirations libĂ©rales des dominants oĂč elles ont Ă©tĂ© consultĂ©es de loin en loin pour donner un gage de bonne volontĂ© mais aussi pour rĂ©cupĂ©rer quelques idĂ©es sans aucune ambition au regard des dĂ©fis s’abattant sur les corps noirs. 

Elle n’est jamais devenue ce processus qui aurait permis de transcender les obstacles ; elle a Ă©tĂ© cantonnĂ©e Ă  un rĂŽle d’action contrĂŽlĂ©e et limitĂ©e au cadre fixĂ© par le Conseil des droits de l’homme et l’AssemblĂ©e gĂ©nĂ©rale. 

Elle aurait dĂ» permettre l’inauguration d’une rĂ©flexion autour d’un projet dĂ©colonial oĂč les Etats et les institutions internationales auraient favorisĂ© des Ă©changes basĂ©s sur la dignitĂ© et la transfiguration de la haine, par peur de l’altĂ©ritĂ©, en amour de l’Humain. Les Afro-descendants et les Africains revendiquent leur HumanitĂ© et de faire communautĂ©, entre autres Ă  partir d’une problĂ©matisation historique, politique et collective des RĂ©parations comme processus de dĂ©saliĂ©nation et d’interrogation Ă©pistĂ©mologique sur le maintien dans une zone de Non Êtres des Afro-descendants et des Africains, mĂȘme si certains bĂ©nĂ©ficient des LumiĂšres dĂ©fendues par le systĂšme capitaliste. 

 Cette dĂ©cennie internationale aurait dĂ» construire les conditions d’un engagement contre le racisme structurel et ĂȘtre le moment de reconquĂȘte de leur humanitĂ© pour les millions d’Afro-descendants et Africains qui en sont privĂ©s. 

Tout compte fait, ces dix annĂ©es auront Ă©tĂ© volĂ©es Ă  tous ceux qui veulent changer le sens inhumain du monde. Tout comme l’ont Ă©tĂ© les annĂ©es Ă©coulĂ©es depuis l’indĂ©pendance de nombreux pays dĂ©colonisĂ©s. La respiration des racisĂ©s, aprĂšs ces dix annĂ©es, ne s’est pas allĂ©gĂ©e au contraire elle s’est alourdie. On peut dire, sans trahir l’espoir des Africains et des Afro-descendants, que le combat dĂ©colonial consiste Ă  agir pour inverser le projet de misĂšre et de mort que porte le systĂšme capitaliste, raciste et libĂ©ral. 

Il nous reste le Forum Permanent pour les Personnes d’Ascendance Africaine qui sera officiellement lancĂ© en dĂ©cembre 2022. Ne nous en laissons pas dĂ©possĂ©der. Il doit devenir notre voix orientĂ©e par notre combativitĂ© dĂ©coloniale! 

Mais dĂ©jĂ  de mauvais signes arrivent ; ce forum devait ĂȘtre lancĂ© Ă  New York, il ne le sera qu’à GenĂšve -du 5 au 8 dĂ©cembre- oĂč encore moins d’organisations auront la possibilitĂ© de venir. Les organisations afro descendantes et africaines sauront elles parler d’une seule voix, unies dans une approche panafricaine renouvelĂ©e et portĂ©e par une combativitĂ© dĂ©coloniale plutĂŽt que par du chacun pour soi? 

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