The desire for US citizenship was never the sole consideration of African and African-descended people.

In 1990, Lawrence Bell was 14, orphaned and living in an abandoned house when three Camden cops pressured him to sign a confession of murder.

The US university is marked by the dominance of intellectual white liberalism in tension and complicity with conservative nationalism and neoliberalism.

Alabama Communists helped lay the foundation for the organized civil rights movement that emerged in the late 1940s and early ’50s.

Prison and police abolition were key to the thinking of many midcentury civil rights activists.