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Peru's Executive in Crisis: The Anti-Democratic Legacy of Fujimori's '93 Constitution
Clau O'Brien Moscoso
29 Oct 2025
🖨️ Print Article
Protest in Peru
Demonstrators take part in a protest against former President Dina Boluarte after the congress approved four motions of impeachment against the former preuvian president in Lima on October 9, 2025 (Photo by Jorge CERDAN / AFP)

Peru's congress has perfected the art of the constitutional coup, disposing of presidents the moment their usefulness expires. The removal of Dina Boluarte continues a decades-long strategy to subvert popular will.

On October 9, 2025, the Peruvian Congress once again voted to vacate the executive; this time the usefulness of their puppet Dina Boluarte had run out. With more than 80 deaths under her belt during the 2022-23 uprisings predominantly in the Southern mineral rich regions of Peru, Dina Boluarte was sacrificed to the altar of a dictatorial right wing Congress. With 122 votes in favor of vacating the region’s most unpopular president for “permanent moral incapacity” amid growing crime and protests in the capitol city demanding action. Congress swiftly approved the new Interim President, president of the Congress, José Jerí. Within days of taking power, the new “president” (perhaps more accurately named Congressional coup figurehead), faced the same level of mass protests as had taken place during the  Boluarte regime. 

Less than a week after taking office, on October 15th, Jerí would unleash the national police on the continued protests (called for by Generation Z, but including many of the same organizations and people that had been protesting since the illegal ouster of President Castillo). An undercover police officer shot and killed Eduardo Mauricio Ruiz Sanz, a rapper known as Trvko from the San Martín de Porres neighborhood. Twenty protesters were also gravely injured, including Luis Reyes, who is a rapper by the name of Flipown from Cajamarca, who was pronounced brain dead after being shot with a tear gas bomb in the head. 

Just as in the previous coup regime, the Jeri government has used brute force to maintain power against a population that demands the closure of a corrupt right wing Congress, the release and restitution of democratically elected President Pedro Castillo and perhaps more importantly, a popular constituent assembly to overturn the neoliberal right wing constitution rammed through during  Alberto Fujimori’s regime that has allowed for this parliamentary power grab whenever the executive no longer serves them. 

The 1993 Fujimori constitution gives  Congress the power to vacate a president for “moral incapacity,” a designation not well defined that gives the parliament extraordinary powers to subvert the democratic will of the people according to their interests. Because of this provision, Peru has had 8 presidents in under 10 years, following congressional coup after coup. Interestingly enough, this same designation was used to finally oust Alberto Fujimori in 2000 after he had fled to Japan and was later brought back to justice (only to be pardoned during the previous Boluarte regime). 

Since then, Article 113 of the Peruvian Constitution has been used to overthrow and install interim presidents as the right wing dominated Congress sees fit. In 2016, president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (popularly known as PPK) signaled his government’s intention to deepen trade with China and align Peru with the Belt and Road Initiative. Despite having worked at the World Bank, been educated in the US, and having a decidedly neoliberal orientation, PPK understood the economic powerhouse China was becoming. 

By March 2018, corruption scandals forced PPK to resign after two motions to vacate him for moral incapacity due to his ties to the Odebrecht scandal. The month before, in February 2018, SOUTHCOM released its posture statement, which declared China’s Belt and Road Initiative a security concern for the US. 

The next president, Martín Vizcarra, PPK’s protege, was also ousted for corruption charges during his time as governor of Moquegua, one of the southernmost departments in the country. His vice president, Mercedes Aráoz, became the shortest serving president in history, with only one day in office before resigning. Vizcarra was returned to office, but only for a year until the next motion to vacate him passed.

Following Vizacarra’s vacancy, Manuel Merino took office for only five days. In those five days, massive protests erupted in the capital city that led to the murder of two young men, Bryan Pintado and Inti Sotelo by 11 members of the Peruvian National Police. These cases have never been prosecuted and the families continue to demand justice, along with the families of the massacres in Barrios Altos, La Cantuta and others during the Fujimori regime, and the families of martyrs of the 2022-23 coup regime. The next day, Merino was forced to resign following the deaths of Bryan and Inti. 

The next interim president, Francisco Sagasti, would serve out the remainder of PPK’s term until the next elections in July 2021. Another World Bank employee, Sagasti, indebted Peru for the next 100 years by issuing bonds through the Ministry of Economics and Finances to “contend with COVID-19 and finance the public sector.” 

Finally, on July 28, 2021, the Peruvian people voted in Pedro Castillo, the first rural campesino from outside of Lima, on a popular mandate to close the coup Congress, nationalize and industrialize mineral and other resources, and convene a constituent assembly to overturn the dictatorial Fujimori constitution that signed over all Peruvian resources by law to the private sector. By the first round, his opposition from Fujimori’s hard right party, Fuerza Popular, the eternal loser and daughter of Alberto Fujimori, Keiko Fujimori, was already claiming fraud. After the second round, which Castillo won, it took the electoral board over a month to pronounce him as president after a vicious recount campaign, in which many of the Fuerza Popular Congress members maintained that there was electoral fraud and never saw him as the legitimate president.

As this reporter has written since the December 7, 2022 coup against Castillo, this congressional coup against the people of Peru was carried out to maintain US hegemony in the country and in the region. Despite the recent opening of the Port of Chancay, which further solidified Peru-China trade, the possibility of overturning the 1993 Constitution and closing out Congress proved to be too much for the old guard. The elites in Lima, their puppet politicians, their media conglomerates, and their US/western masters moved to oust Castillo and prop up his vice president, Dina Boluarte. What they didn’t imagine was the country’s forgotten, mostly indigenous rural communities coming out in masses to defend their vote and demand restitution. 

Boluarte ordered the armed forces to stamp out the protests by any means necessary. Over 80 people were killed in various regions, predominantly in the South of Peru, with total impunity for the regime. However, these crimes weren't why Congress voted to vacate Boluarte, but rather for the growing and intensifying crime wave that has riddled the country. In fact, these so-called gangs should be seen as the paramilitary groups they are- working in tandem with the state to provide justification for increased militarization. Much like in Haiti, Ecuador and other countries in the region, “crime” has been used to increase militarization and colonial control from the US/EU/NATO. 

It is in this long context of congressional coup after coup that Peru finds itself with yet another puppet leader. José Jerí, now being dubbed “Peru’s Bukele,” comes into office with previous accusations of sexual assault, having already declared a 30-day state of emergency in Lima and Callao, supposedly to stamp out crime, but really to go after protesters. In fact, in just the first day of the state of emergency, five people were murdered by “gangs.” 

What is certain is that the struggle for popular control of the country, not under neocolonial puppets, will continue despite the number of deaths, injuries and states of emergency. Protest in Lima has now hit a critical mass that was mostly in the outside provinces of the country, and it is up to the working poor of the Peruvian masses to finally overturn this Congressional coup regime and its US constitution.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Poder Ejecutivo del Perú en Crisis: El Legado Antidemocrático de la Constitución del '93 de Fujimori

El 9 de octubre de 2025, el Congreso peruano votó una vez más para vacar el poder ejecutivo; esta vez había terminado la utilidad de su títere, Dina Boluarte. Con más de 80 muertes en su haber durante los levantamientos de 2022-23, predominantemente en las ricas regiones mineras del sur de Perú, Dina Boluarte fue sacrificada en el altar de un Congreso de derecha dictatorial. Con 122 votos a favor de vacar a la presidenta más impopular de la región por "incapacidad moral permanente" en medio de la creciente delincuencia y protestas en la ciudad capital que exigían acción. El Congreso aprobó rápidamente al nuevo Presidente Interino, el presidente del Congreso, José Jerí. A los pocos días de asumir el poder, el nuevo "presidente" (quizás más acertadamente llamado testaferro del golpe congresal), enfrentó el mismo nivel de protestas masivas que habían tenido lugar durante el régimen de Boluarte.

Menos de una semana después de asumir el cargo, el 15 de octubre, Jerí desataría a la policía nacional sobre las continuas protestas (convocadas por la Generación Z, pero que incluyen a muchas de las mismas organizaciones y personas que protestaban desde la destitución ilegal del presidente Castillo). Un oficial de policía encubierto de civil disparó y mató a Eduardo Mauricio Ruiz Sanz, un rapero conocido como Trvko del distrito de San Martín de Porres. Veinte manifestantes también resultaron gravemente heridos, incluido Luis Reyes, un rapero de Cajamarca de nombre Flipown, que fue declarado con muerte cerebral después de recibir un impacto de bomba de gas lacrimógeno en la cabeza.

Al igual que en el régimen golpista anterior, el gobierno de Jerí ha usado la fuerza bruta para mantenerse en el poder frente a una población que exige el cierre de un Congreso corrupto de derecha, la liberación y restitución del presidente democráticamente electo Pedro Castillo y, quizás lo más importante, una asamblea constituyente popular para derogar la constitución neoliberal de derecha impuesta durante el régimen de Alberto Fujimori que ha permitido este acaparamiento de poder parlamentario cada vez que el ejecutivo ya no les sirve.

La constitución de Fujimori de 1993 le da al Congreso el poder de vacar a un presidente por "incapacidad moral", una designación no bien definida que le otorga al parlamento poderes extraordinarios para subvertir la voluntad democrática del pueblo según sus intereses. Debido a esta disposición, Perú ha tenido 8 presidentes en menos de 10 años, tras golpe congresal tras golpe. Curiosamente, esta misma designación se usó para finalmente destituir a Alberto Fujimori en 2000 después de que huyó a Japón y luego fue llevado ante la justicia (solo para ser indultado durante el anterior régimen de Boluarte).

Desde entonces, el Artículo 113 de la Constitución Peruana se ha utilizado para derrocar e instalar presidentes interinos según le parece al Congreso dominado por la derecha. En 2016, el presidente Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (popularmente conocido como PPK) señaló la intención de su gobierno de profundizar el comercio con China y alinear a Perú con la Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta. A pesar de haber trabajado en el Banco Mundial, haberse educado en EE. UU. y tener una orientación decididamente neoliberal, PPK entendía la potencia económica en que se estaba convirtiendo China.

Para marzo de 2018, escándalos de corrupción forzaron a PPK a renunciar después de dos mociones para vacarlo por incapacidad moral debido a sus vínculos con el escándalo de Odebrecht. El mes anterior, en febrero de 2018, el Comado Sur de EE. UU. publicó su declaración postural que declaraba la Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta de China como una preocupación de seguridad para Estados Unidos.

El siguiente presidente, Martín Vizcarra, protegido de PPK, también fue destituido por cargos de corrupción durante su tiempo como gobernador de Moquegua, uno de los departamentos más al sur del país. Su vicepresidenta, Mercedes Aráoz, se convirtió en la presidenta de más corto servicio en la historia con solo un día en el cargo antes de renunciar. Vizcarra regresó al cargo, pero solo por un año hasta que pasó la siguiente moción para vacarlo.

Tras la vacancia de Vizcarra, Manuel Merino asumió el cargo por solo cinco días. En esos cinco días, estallaron masivas protestas en la capital que llevaron al asesinato de dos jóvenes, Bryan Pintado e Inti Sotelo, por 11 miembros de la Policía Nacional Peruana. Estos casos nunca han sido procesados y las familias continúan exigiendo justicia, junto con las familias de las masacres de Barrios Altos, La Cantuta y otras durante el régimen de Fujimori, y las familias de los mártires del régimen golpista de 2022-23. Al día siguiente, Merino se vio forzado a renunciar tras las muertes de Bryan e Inti.

El siguiente presidente interino, Francisco Sagasti, cumpliría el resto del mandato de PPK hasta las siguientes elecciones en julio de 2021. Otro empleado del Banco Mundial, Sagasti endeudó a Perú por los próximos 100 años al emitir bonos a través del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas para "hacer frente al COVID-19 y financiar al sector público".

Finalmente, el 28 de julio de 2021, el pueblo peruano votó por Pedro Castillo, el primer campesino fuera de Lima, con un mandato popular para cerrar el Congreso golpista, nacionalizar e industrializar los recursos minerales y otros, y convocar una asamblea constituyente para derogar la dictatorial constitución de Fujimori que firmó, por ley, la entrega de todos los recursos peruanos al sector privado. Para la primera vuelta, su oposición del partido de derecha dura de Fujimori, Fuerza Popular, la eterna perdedora e hija de Alberto Fujimori, Keiko Fujimori, ya alegaba fraude. Después de la segunda vuelta, que ganó Castillo, el jurado electoral tardó más de un mes en declararlo presidente tras una campaña de recuento viciosa, en la que muchos de los congresistas de Fuerza Popular mantuvieron que hubo fraude electoral y nunca lo vieron como el presidente legítimo.

Como esta reportera ha escrito desde el golpe de estado del 7 de diciembre de 2022 contra Castillo, este golpe congresal contra el pueblo peruano se llevó a cabo para mantener la hegemonía estadounidense en el país y en la región. A pesar de la reciente apertura del Puerto de Chancay que solidificó aún más el comercio Perú-China, la posibilidad de derogar la Constitución de 1993 y cerrar el Congreso demostró ser demasiado para la vieja guardia. Las élites en Lima, sus políticos títeres, sus conglomerados mediáticos y sus jefes estadounidenses/occidentales actuaron para destituir a Castillo y avalar a su vicepresidenta Dina Boluarte. Lo que no imaginaron fue que las comunidades rurales mayoritariamente indígenas, olvidadas del país, saldrían en masa para defender su voto y exigir restitución.

Boluarte ordenó a las fuerzas armadas reprimir las protestas por cualquier medio necesario. Más de 80 personas fueron asesinadas en varias regiones, predominantemente en el sur de Perú, con total impunidad para el régimen. Sin embargo, estos crímenes no fueron por lo que el Congreso votó para vacar a Boluarte, sino por la creciente e intensificada ola delincuencial que ha plagado al país. De hecho, estas llamadas pandillas deberían verse como los grupos paramilitares que son, trabajando en conjunto con el estado para justificar una mayor militarización. Al igual que en Haití, Ecuador y otros países de la región, la "delincuencia" se ha utilizado para aumentar la militarización y el control colonial de EE. UU./UE/OTAN.

Es en este largo contexto de golpe congresal tras golpe que Perú se encuentra con otro líder títere. José Jerí, ahora apodado "el Bukele de Perú", asume el cargo con acusaciones previas de agresión sexual, y ya ha declarado un estado de emergencia de 30 días en Lima y Callao supuestamente para acabar con la delincuencia, pero en realidad para perseguir a los manifestantes. De hecho, solo en el primer día del estado de emergencia, cinco personas fueron asesinadas por "pandillas".

Lo que es seguro es que la lucha por el control popular del país, no bajo títeres neocoloniales, continuará a pesar del número de muertos, heridos y estados de emergencia. La protesta en Lima ha alcanzado ahora una masa crítica que antes estaba principalmente en las provincias exteriores del país, y le corresponde a los pobres trabajadores de las masas peruanas finalmente derrocar este régimen de golpe congresal y su constitución estadounidense.

Clau O'Brien Moscoso is an organizer and co-coordinator of the Black Alliance for Peace Haiti/Americas Team. Originally from Barrios Altos, Lima, she grew up in Kearny, New Jersey. She attended college, lived, and organized in New York City for 15 years, and is now based in Lima, Perú, writing about Latin America and the Caribbean for the Black Agenda Report.

Peru
legislative coup
Fascism

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